Information on this page taken directly from American Foundation for Suicide Prevention.
Risk Factors, Protective Factors, and Warning Signs
While there is no single cause for suicide, there are risk factors and warning signs which may increase the likelihood of an attempt. Learning them can save lives.
What Leads to Suicide?
There’s no single cause for suicide. Suicide most often occurs when stressors and health issues converge to create an experience of hopelessness and despair. Depression is the most common condition associated with suicide, and it is often undiagnosed or untreated. Conditions like depression, anxiety, and substance problems, especially when unaddressed, increase the risk of suicide. Yet it’s important to note that most people who actively manage their mental health conditions go on to engage in life.
Risk Factors
Risk factors are characteristics or conditions that increase the chance that a person may try to take their life.
Health
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Mental health conditions
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Depression
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Substance use problems
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Bipolar disorder
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Schizophrenia
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Personality traits of aggression, mood changes and poor relationships
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Conduct disorder
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Anxiety disorders
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Serious physical health conditions including pain
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Traumatic brain injury
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Environmental
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Access to lethal means including firearms and drugs
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Prolonged stress, such as harassment, bullying, relationship problems or unemployment
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Stressful life events, like rejection, divorce, financial crisis, other life transitions or loss
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Exposure to another person’s suicide, or to graphic or sensationalized accounts of suicide
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Historical
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Previous suicide attempts
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Family history of suicide
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Childhood abuse, neglect or trauma
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Protective Factors
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Access to mental health care, and being proactive about mental health
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Feeling connected to family and community support
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Problem-solving and coping skills
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Limited access to lethal means
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Cultural and religious beliefs that encourage connecting and help-seeking, discourage suicidal behavior, or create a strong sense of purpose or self-esteem
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Warning signs
Something to look out for when concerned that a person may be suicidal is a change in behavior or the presence of entirely new behaviors. This is of sharpest concern if the new or changed behavior is related to a painful event, loss, or change. Most people who take their lives exhibit one or more warning signs, either through what they say or what they do.
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Talk
If a person talks about:
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Killing themselves
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Feeling hopeless
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Having no reason to live
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Being a burden to others
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Feeling trapped
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Unbearable pain
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Behavior
Behaviors that may signal risk, especially if related to a painful event, loss or change:
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Increased use of alcohol or drugs
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Looking for a way to end their lives, such as searching online for methods
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Withdrawing from activities
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Isolating from family and friends
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Sleeping too much or too little
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Visiting or calling people to say goodbye
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Giving away prized possessions
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Aggression
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Fatigue
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Mood
People who are considering suicide often display one or more of the following moods:
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Depression
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Anxiety
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Loss of interest
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Irritability
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Humiliation/Shame
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Agitation/Anger
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Relief/Sudden Improvement